Chapter 17 - Energy consumption of the Kroll and HAMR processes for titanium production

Abstract

Metallurgy of titanium is costly, partially due to the high energy consumption during its production. In this chapter, the main determinants of the large energy consumption in the Kroll process are analyzed based on the best publicly available information. Energy consumption in the newly developed HAMR process is also modeled and analyzed. The processing energy consumption in the HAMR process is estimated to be >25% less than that of Kroll process when the regeneration of Mg is considered, while it is >65% less when the regeneration of Mg is considered separately.