Abstract
Anal cancer comprises 2.7% of malignancies of the digestive tract. In the United States, approximately 9090 cases are reported annually. The incidence of anal cancer has been increasing. It includes squamous cell cancer (SCC), adenocarcinoma (deriving from the anal crypts), neuroendocrine tumors, and melanoma. SCC is by far the most common anal cancer. Risk factors for anal cancer include sexual activity/sequela, HPV infection, HIV infection, and immunosuppression. Patients with anal cancer present with rectal bleeding, anal pain, and a mass. Delay in diagnosis is frequent. Combined modality treatment (CMT) is the most common form of therapy for anal SCC. A complete pathological response may be achieved in 80% of patients. Careful assessment approximately 8–12 weeks posttreatment will detect persistent or recurrent disease. Tumor regression may occur up to 26 weeks after combined modality therapy. Patients with persistent or recurrent disease may undergo abdominoperineal resection.
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