Abstract
Extensive utilization of pesticides in agricultural fields contributes to the presence of noxious contaminants in soil and water reserves. This triggers a detrimental impact on soil and aquatic flora and fauna. Pesticides have an affinity to gather in living cells; thus their bioaccumulation and biomagnification have led to sublethal and lethal effects on human beings and animals. Bioremediation and phytoremediation have been projected as innovative techniques that help remove pesticides contaminating the water resources and are gaining recognition as the cost-effective and eco-friendly method of remediating contaminants from water resources. Microorganisms and plants transform pesticides by a sequence of various biochemical and physiological reactions under the action of different enzymes that happen as a part of their metabolic progressions. Henceforth, pesticides are degraded into smaller compounds having less toxicity or nontoxic. Bacterial species like Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Azotobacter, and Flavobacterium; fungus like Aspergillus and Mycobacterium; and algae like Chlorella are the common pesticides-degrading microorganisms. The amount of degradation differs among species and the target compound. To detoxify the pollutants present in soil and water reserves, plant and analogs bacteria based remediation can be implemented. Practices involved in the phytoremediation process are phytodegradation, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization, rhizofiltration, and rhizodegradation to uptake various pollutants. Various aquatic plant species like Lemna, Eichhornia, Azolla, Hydrilla, Pistia, Spirodela, Wolfia, etc. are highly efficient in reducing contamination of pesticides and other pollutants in aquatic reserves. Thus this chapter offers an overview of the scope of remediation of pesticides from contaminated water using microorganisms and plants.
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