Abstract
Musculoskeletal modeling represents a valuable tool to noninvasively investigate the relationship between body motion and internal biomechanical loads in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions. This chapter presents a detailed overview of the theoretical and practical aspects of this modeling technique, specifically focusing on the characterization of the human spine. The panorama of available modeling software is reported as well. Furthermore, the chapter provides a review of the scientific works that exploited the musculoskeletal modeling approach to characterize the human spine and to investigate the biomechanical loads in physiological conditions and pathological scenarios.
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