Abstract
Demyelinating disease can occur in children, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and management and treatment options specific to pediatric MS will be discussed in this chapter. While pediatric MS may resemble adult MS in some ways, pediatric MS has distinctive features including a higher frequency of annual relapse rates, and a younger age of the accumulation of disability. Moreover, patients with pediatric-onset MS have increased cognitive problems as compared to patients with adult-onset MS. The differential diagnoses of pediatric MS are also delineated, including metabolic disorders, tumors, infections, and vascular and other autoimmune causes. Management and treatment options to consider in the pediatric population will also be discussed as fewer studies are performed in children as compared to adults.
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