Abstract
Powerful electron beams lie at the heart of modern microwave tubes. This chapter explores how these beams are generated, focused, and collected in linear beam tubes. In linear beam tubes, the magnetic and tube axes are coincident. Emphasis is placed upon the design of beam optical systems used in traveling wave tubes (TWTs) and high-power klystrons because of their widespread use. Beam optical systems that generate hollow beams are briefly presented in the chapter. The chapter also discusses electron guns and electron emission. There are three basic mechanisms of electron emission that are of importance in microwave tubes; they are thermionic, field, and secondary emissions. Heavy use is made of computers and computer codes in the design of beam optical systems for microwave tubes. The chapter also profiles electron beam collection and gun and beam measurement. It describes the means to arrive at reliable beam optical designs in linear beam microwave tubes. The discussion focuses upon basic principles and includes practical guidelines.
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