Abstract
Treating and reusing wastewater can augment water scarcity in water-stressed regions in the world. Additionally, wastewater streams contain useful resources that can be recovered and recycled to improve the economics of the water treatment processes. Another aspect that has been reported in the past few decades is the detection of novel contaminants of concern in the wastewater samples that often escape treatment and remediation. Studies have demonstrated that the conventional wastewater treatment practices are not sufficient to address resource recovery and emerging contaminants aspects. In this chapter, first, conventional wastewater treatment process based on activated sludge is presented, and subsequently novel wastewater treatment methods have been discussed. Theoretical aspect of each method is described, and its implementation in pilot or full-scale study has been highlighted. For increasing the water recovery rate from waste streams, membrane-based treatment technologies such as reverse osmosis will be crucial. Ion-exchange, adsorption, microalgal, and bioelectrochemical systems can be advantageous from resource recovery perspective. Further, epidemiological aspects of wastewater have been highlighted and the recent spread of COVID-19 has been discussed with respect to the virus’ detection in toilet wastewater.
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