Chapter 13 - miRNAs: the genetic regulators of immunity

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenously initiated, noncoding RNAs that bind to target mRNAs, leading to the degradation or translational suppression of respective mRNAs. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) is one of the major scientific breakthroughs in recent years and has revolutionized the way we look at gene regulation. Although we are still at a very early stage in understanding their impact on immunity, miRNAs are changing the way we think about the development of the immune system and regulation of immune functions. They have gained importance as gene expression regulators in the immune system. They control antibody production and release various inflammatory mediators. Abnormal expression and functioning of miRNA in the immune system is linked to various diseases like inflammatory disorders, allergic diseases, cancers, etc. Moreover, miRNAs regulate central elements of the adaptive immune response such as antigen presentation (e.g., miR-155) and T cell receptor signaling (miR-181a). Here we will summarize the latest findings about the role of miRNAs in the development of the immune system and regulation of immune functions and inflammation.