Abstract
The cell-autonomous circadian clock found in all mammalian cells and tissues has, at its core, a feedback loop of transcription and translation of a key set of “clock genes.” Identification of clock genes has been guided by examining the effects of gene alterations on clock properties. A substantial proportion of expressed genes exhibit circadian variation; however, distinct cell types appear to have their own unique sets of “clock-controlled genes,” while the core clock genes remain the same. The clock-controlled genes are involved in diverse cellular functions, suggesting important implications for health and diseases. The transcription-translation feedback loop is subject to regulation at multiple levels, including histone, chromatin, and posttranscriptional modifications. Signals from the SCN of the hypothalamus and from behavioral states, such as sleep-wake or feed-fast, also can influence clocks in peripheral tissues.
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