Abstract
“Cognitive enhancement” refers to the use of drugs or devices for non–health-related improvement of cognition. Most cognitive enhancers have either been developed in model animals or they have a history of use in humans. While many specific issues related to existing cognitive enhancers remain unanswered (e.g., properties, prevalence, modalities, reasons for use, likely future developments) the normative issues surrounding their use (i.e., should they be used, for what, and by whom) are perhaps the most contentious. A range of normative issues (e.g., authenticity) have been discussed in the literature, but this chapter provides a short overview of the positions adopted on a key normative issue; whether the use of cognitive enhancement is a form of cheating. We also discuss the regulation of cognitive enhancers using fictional yet realistic scenarios and, finally, we analyze the policy options for existing and future cognitive enhancers, discussing the legal and methodological challenges faced in developing a legitimate, evidence-based regulatory policy.
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