Abstract
Chapter 13 introduces biological filtration principles of high relevance to wetland systems. Basic ecological principles linked to trickling filters are outlined. Bacteria are active in the uptake and degradation of soluble organic matter. Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate. In a low-rate trickling filter, there is a high nitrifier population and the effluent is well nitrified. In a high-rate filter, there is more “sloughing” of the biomass, due to higher fluid shear, and so little or no nitrification takes place. Important process variants and designs of biological filters are explained. A biological filter is suitable as a complete secondary treatment unit or as a roughing process. Although a biological filter has a lower power requirement and thus a lower operational cost than the activated sludge process, it has a relatively high capital cost (particularly its land requirement). Studying this chapter will allow readers to appreciate biological filtration principles and the operation of trickling (percolating) filters.
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