Abstract
Activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes have been associated with altered cognitive functioning in studies with children and adolescents. Findings suggest that acute high bouts of exercise (70–85% of HRmax, for at least 15–20min) increase cortisol and testosterone levels in late puberty. During early puberty and in childhood, hormone axes seem to be less reactive. Increases in cortisol and testosterone are assumed to change synaptic plasticity and the sensitivity of glucocorticoid and androgen receptors in brain regions involved in different cognitive functions. Results concerning the interaction between exercise and cognition in children and adolescents suggest that besides exercise intensity and duration, participants' fitness and the kind of cognitive task performed moderate the effects. Future research with children and adolescents needs to systematically control for such moderating variables.
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