Abstract

Several biopolymers are commonly used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and biomedical applications due to their good biocompatibility, tunable biodegradable properties, and matching mechanical properties. Different 3D printing classifications (material extrusion, material jetting, and vat polymerization 3D printing) used for printing biopolymers were discussed; the working principles and important printing parameters of each 3D printing technique were highlighted. Furthermore, the different stimuli (physical and chemical) required for 4D printing applications were discussed. Lastly, the different 3D and 4D printing applications of the biopolymers were discussed.

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