Abstract
In rock blasting, burden and spacing are two major parameters influencing fragmentation, ground vibrations, and overall costs. The following issues are discussed: angle of breakage; specific charge; stress and energy distribution; decoupling ratio; diameter of blasthole; and factors influencing burden and spacing. The effects of burden and spacing on production and productivity, cost of development, back break, ground vibrations, and misfire are presented. The principles of determining burden and spacing are discussed. Finally, a higher specific charge than the current specific charge used in most production blasts is recommended.
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