Abstract
.This chapter focuses on the environmental issues that are unique to batteries, explores the way they relate to environmental design principles, and summarizes the currently available application choices and alternatives. Two fundamental environmental issues associated with batteries are volume and hazardous content. Toxic heavy metals used in batteries; such as cadmium, lead, and mercury; eventually enter the waste stream, contaminating air, water, and soil if not properly managed. When spent batteries are not recycled, materials are irretrievably lost, and they may contaminate the environment. Consistent with good environmental design principles, batteries must be easy to remove from the host product. Also, there is a need to identify battery cells and battery packs so that they can be properly managed at the end of the product's life. An important way to reduce the resources consumed by batteries is to extend their service life. Making a rechargeable battery able to sustain twice as many charge cycles cuts the replacement rate in half, and consequently halves the waste stream.
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