Abstract
Glucokinases (Glks) are responsible for glucose phosphorylation utilizing diverse phosphoryl donors such as ATP, ADP, and/or polyphosphate. These enzymes are widely distributed in all domains of life. So far, they are classified into two main families (hexokinase and ribokinase) and three subgroups (hexokinase, A and B). Biochemical and structural studies have elucidated the mechanism for Glk action, as well as the amino acids involved in catalysis and multimerization. In addition to their catalytic activity, some Glks also present a regulatory role, as is the case for the Bacillus and Streptomyces enzymes. Glks have been used in clinical analyses to determine various enzyme activities (such as serum creatine kinase) and for accurate quantitation of glucose in diabetic patients. Polyphosphate Glks have great potential for generating glucose-6-phosphate and high-yield hydrogen based on low-cost polyphosphate. The present review covers the physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of Glks and their potential applications.
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