Abstract
This chapter portrays the lives and works of the following pioneers and Nobel Laureates: Niels Bohr; Gustav Hertz and James Franck; Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Max Born, and Paul Dirac; Clinton Davisson and George Paget Thomson; and Pierre Victor Auger. The accomplishments of these pioneers are described in detail; and these include the following: the Bohr atom and Bohr's quantum explanation of the atom's electrons orbitals, The Franck Report to the U.S. Government to halt the use of the atom bomb against Japan and promote nuclear nonproliferation, Niels Bohr's Open Letter to the United Nations so that this organization could take the lead in nuclear nonproliferation and peaceful applications of nuclear energy, the quantum absorption and emission of energy by an atom, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and its applications, Schrödinger's wave mechanics, Schrödinger's Cat and the superposition of states of matter, Max Born's calculation of the probability density of atomic electrons, Paul A. M. Dirac's prediction of antiparticles, the discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals confirming the dual wave-particle nature of matter, and the discovery and explanation of the origin of Auger electrons.
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