Chapter 11 - Green synthesis of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles toward biomedical applications: Boon or bane

Abstract

The tremendous growth of the interdisciplinary field of “nanotechnology” claims that the present world is a “nanoworld.” It has led to the miniaturization of molecules for application in a myriad of fields. Although the definition of “nano” differs in terms of subject (physics, chemistry, and biology), their properties are most coveted for study and application. The philosophy of nanoparticle synthesis varies widely and employs almost every sphere of technological approach. Physical, chemical, and biological routes are explored to obtain nanoparticles of preferred size, shape, and properties. Biomedical applications have arisen as a major goal to be achieved through the use of these nanoparticles. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are the most common choice, having numerous methods for synthesis and feasible biomedical applications. “Green synthesis of nanoparticles” is gaining considerable interest lately due to its biocompatible and safe properties. However, the philosophy is not beyond question. The counter school-of-thought considers green synthesis to be just an exaggeration of so-called rationale beyond the principles and ways of synthesis. Therefore, the role of green nanoparticle synthesis is to be evaluated in terms of its synthesis, properties, and potential biomedical applications in contrast to its toxicity. This chapter attempts to explain the influence of green synthesis on the basis of mode of action, interaction with biomolecules, potential applications, and possible cytotoxicity. This chapter anticipates and considers questions such as: What is green synthesis? Why is green synthesis required? Is the synthesis is really “green”? And what are the pros and cons of green synthesis? A platform for green synthesis as a research direction is, thus, to be examined and evaluated based on recent findings.