Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex protein folding and trafficking organelle. Alteration and discrepancy in the ER environment can affect the protein folding process and hence can result in the production of misfolded proteins. The accumulation of misfolded proteins causes cellular damage and elicits ER stress (ERS). As the protein folding process is dependent on redox homeostasis, oxidative stress (OS) can disrupt the protein folding mechanism and enhance the production of misfolded proteins, causing further ERS. It is proposed that ERS and OS together play significant roles in the pathophysiology of bowel diseases.
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