Chapter 11 - Characterization of nanofibers and nanofiber membranes

Abstract

Electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) are a new generation of materials that can offer outstanding and unique properties for various applications. They are most commonly formed in nonwoven structures and membranes that have a wide range of applications in industry. To ensure that nanofibers are working according to the desired design, their proper characterization is a very important requirement. The unique size and structure of nanofibers require special sample preparation and characterization procedures. Both qualitative and quantitative measurements used for characterizing many materials can also be used for nanofibers. Due to the high surface area and porosity of nanofiber membranes, surface functionalization and mechanical improvements are usually carried out, and so the surface chemistry and mechanical integrity are commonly characterized. Electrospinning parameters can be varied and will also result in different nanofiber designs; thus, morphology and structure are optimized. This can be evaluated by proper morphological and structural characterization. Therefore, to have a general and valid assessment, a combination of microscopic and macroscopic characterization methods is necessary to fully understand the overall features of nanofibers. In this chapter, we summarize the various characterization methods used, specifically for ENFs and nanofiber membranes, including sample preparation and characterization procedures.