Abstract
Industrial production of astaxanthin is currently limited by the difficulty of large-scale cultivation. Close system photobioreactors are important for scaling up the astaxanthin production process from the laboratory, pilot to commercial scale. Illuminated photobioreactors (IPBRs) are designs for improving biomass productivity and astaxanthin production through the alteration of light, carbon dioxide supplementation, temperature, pH, air mixing, mass transfer, and hydrodynamics. Efficient IPBR design can provide a practical cultivation process with the control of the environmental factors, stress induction, and harvesting process. This chapter reviews the characteristic of astaxanthin production from Haematococcus pluvialis with an overview of the key parameters that influence the biomass and astaxanthin productivity, design of the IPBR, and integration of the IPBR in the large-scale commercial production process. In spite of the difficulties in operational aspects, the IPBR is recommended for commercial exploitation due to its unique features.
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