Abstract
Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis claims that there exists an inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental degradation and income. Recent prominent works have been testing EKC by monitoring the influence of economic development on environmental indicators, such as climate change, ozone layer, air quality, water quality, waste generation, etc., as listed by OECD (2008). These papers/projects follow field studies, survey analyses, time series applications, or panel data analyses. However, mathematical calibrations, or time series and/or panel data estimations for EKC, in general, obtain the parameter estimations that do not change within whole sample period. Although some seminal works consider the structural breaks in cross-sectional dependence tests of panel data, they reveal eventually constant estimates in observing the effect of gross domestic income (GDI) on environmental degradation for the observed time period. Few articles aim at detecting the relevant estimates of coefficients with one or two structural breaks in a dynamic structure.
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