Abstract
The natural anti-Gal antibody and anti-non-gal antibodies are detrimental to porcine implants in humans. Anti-Gal constitutes approximately 1% of immunoglobulins in humans and binds to α-gal epitopes which are abundant in porcine tissues and in other nonprimate mammals. Anti-non-gal antibodies are produced against most pig proteins in implants since these proteins are immunogenic in humans. Prevention of anti-Gal effects is feasible by destruction of α-gal epitopes with α-galactosidase or by using α1,3galactosyltransferase knockout pigs lacking α-gal epitopes. Prevention of anti-non-gal antibodies effects may be achieved by incorporation of α-gal nanoparticles into implants. These nanoparticles bind anti-Gal and activate the complement system to produce chemotactic factors that rapidly recruit macrophages. The recruited macrophages are activated following interaction with anti-Gal coating α-gal nanoparticles. These activated macrophages secrete cytokines/growth factors that may recruit stem cells into implants prior to the formation of anti-non-gal antibodies, thereby avoiding detrimental effects of these antibodies.
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