Abstract
This chapter discusses the individual growth factors that are implicated in pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Abnormal growth in vascular and cardiac tissue is important in several pathologic states, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cardiac hypertrophy. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) is one of the critical factors in the growth cardiovascular diseases. PDGF is a homo- or heterodimer made of two chains (A and B) that bear 60% amino acid homology and are linked by disulfide bonds. Each of the chains is coded for on separate chromosomes and all three dimeric configurations of PDGF are mitogenic. In response to the percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), de-endothelialization causes platelet adhesion, release of growth factors, loss of growth inhibitory factors made by the endothelial cells, and the absence of a permeability barrier to the circulating aggregatory factors. PDGF production correlated directly with EC coverage on graft segments and inversely with platelet deposition in a canine aortic graft model. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) contribute significant part in cardiovascular diseases. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of structurally related polypeptides; seven members have been identified to date. Acidic and basic FGF (aFGF and bFGF) are the best characterized members of these heparin-binding proteins. Stabilized analogs of FGF have been claimed in recent patents for use in angiogenesis, ischemia, and wound healing. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) plays an important role in cardiovascular disease. IGF-I, also known as somatomedin-C (SM-C), is a basic single chain polypeptide of 70 amino acids, containing three disulfiie bonds. IGF-II is an acidic peptide, containing 67 amino acids, and is 60% homologous with IGF-I; both peptides have a high structural homology with human proinsulin. The chapter also discusses the nerve growth factor (NGF) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF).
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