Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to current biomedical applications of 4D bioprinting. Ease of fabrication, improved cell survival, better cell function, and biomimetic responsiveness are discussed as core motivations of 4D bioprinting research. Here, applications are grouped according to geometric criteria. The first section deals with tubular constructs built by the self-folding of planar structures, with potential uses in vascular tissue engineering, nerve regeneration, and skeletal muscle repair. The second section presents shape morphing patches meant to repair or regenerate damaged portions of various organs. Examples include moisture-sensitive cellularized hydrogel patches meant for tracheal repair, and cardiac patches that precisely fit the infarcted region's shape, adhere to the epicardial surface, and display physiological stretching.
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