Abstract
This chapter describes the main characteristics of surface water resources in Brazil and some key regional differences in water availability, quality, and vulnerability among the hydrographic regions of the country. Furthermore, we focus on discussing some properties of the largest hydrographic region in Brazil, the Amazonian basin, and outline the main threats and challenges for the water use and the maintenance of water quality throughout the region. Finally, we analyze how anthropogenic pressures and global climate changes might impact water quality, and their principal consequences maintaining of environmental resources and conserving of the most remarkable aquatic biodiversity in the world.
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