Abstract
This review highlights the most important developments in the field of supermagnetism, i.e., the physics of different states of single-domained magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) comprising superparamagnetism, superspin glass (SSG) behavior and superferromagnetism. After introducing the basic magnetic properties of single domain NPs, their mutual interactions and pertinent characterization procedures are discussed. The different types of supermagnetic states are highlighted emphasizing the role of discontinuous metal-insulator multilayers as being universally representative. SSG systems bear all of the characteristic glassy properties such as disorder, frustration, nonergodicity and aging. Superferromagnetic domains in a nonpercolated NP assembly are comparable to conventional ones in a continuous ferromagnetic film with the decisive difference that the atomic spins are replaced by the superspins of the single-domain NPs. Correlated granular ferromagnets and self-assembled magnetic supracrystals also show various supermagnetic states depending on their superstructure and composition and may offer a wide application potential as multifunctional NP materials.
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