Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy exploits the pressure change in a sample. Photothermal (PT) spectroscopy depends on the density change generated by heating due to optical absorption. A miniature microphone is used to detect PT signals in gaseous samples. A piezoelectric transducer, or a laser probe, is used for condensed samples. The importance of PA effect, discovered by Alexander Graham Bell in 1880, could be fully realized only after the advent of wavelength tunable lasers in the 1970s. PT signal is a direct consequence of absorption without any effect of scattering or reflection, and it depends on the optical as well as the thermal properties of the sample. The trace detection of chemical species by PA or PT techniques has applications in pollution monitoring, homeland security, defense, biology, and medicine. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is increasingly used in the detection of and cure for a variety of diseases. Recent developments in the instrumentation and applications of PA and PT spectroscopy are systematically discussed in this chapter.
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