Abstract
This chapter discusses the fundamental aspects of batteries used in industrial applications, such as materials, electrode reactions, construction, storage characteristics, energy, and power outputs. Primary lithium (Li) batteries have Li metal as an anode. They feature the highest energies among all primary batteries. The basic characteristics that make primary Li batteries suitable for many applications are high energy, high and flat potential, high power, long shelf-life, wide temperature range, and construction in several form factors. Lithium/sulfur dioxide batteries (Li/SO2) have high specific energies and energy densities, high pulse power density, wide temperature range, and long shelf-life. The energies of lithium/thionyl chloride batteries (Li/SOCI2) are among the highest of all systems. They can be stored for long and can be operated in an exceptionally wide temperature range. Lithium/manganese dioxide batteries (Li/MnO2) are produced by several manufacturers in coin, cylindrical, or prismatic forms and can be used in a variety of applications. Lithium/carbon monofluoride batteries (Li/CF) are used as cathode. This compound is synthesized by direct fluorination of carbon, in the form of graphite or coke, with fluorine gas at temperatures of 300° C to over 600° C.
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