Abstract
This chapter reviews the foundations of networking—the models on which networks are built, the protocols they use to communicate, the addressing schemes by which they identify individual devices on the network, and the technologies they use to ensure that data reaches its destination. The vast majority of networks today–including the Internet—use transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) to transmit information among computers and networks in a wide area network. Together, TCP and IP are referred to as a protocol stack or as network/transport protocols because they work together at two different levels—the network and transport layers—to enable computers to communicate with each other. This chapter examines the history and evolution of TCP/IP since its beginnings in the 1960s to its current implementation in Windows Server 2003 networks. The chapter discusses the networking models that provide guidelines for vendors of networking products, including the early Department of Defense model as well as the International Organization of Standardization's open systems interconnection model. The chapter also deals with the specifics of TCP/IP. Finally, the chapter discusses how data is routed through a network to reach its intended destination quickly and accurately.
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