Abstract
This chapter discusses the structure of monosaccharides and disaccharides. Monosaccharides cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller units. Monosaccharides can be further classified. If they contain an aldehydic group, they are termed aldoses; if they possess a ketonic group, they are called ketoses. Certain facts are inconsistent with the proposed straight-chain formulae for the monosaccharides. Various disaccharides are encountered, therefore, only a brief account of the methods involved in the determination of the structures of three typical examples is given in the chapter that are maltose, cellobiose, and sucrose. Maltose is a product of the partial hydrolysis of starch. It is a reducing sugar that forms an osazone and undergoes mutarotation and therefore, contains at least one free reducing group. Cellobiose is also a reducing disaccharide that is obtained on partial hydrolysis of cellulose. The products obtained by hydrolyzing both cellobiose and its completely methylated derivative revealed that like maltose, this disaccharide was also composed of two D-glucose units joined by a (1 → 4)-linkage. Sucrose is an example of a nonreducing disaccharide. As it neither mutarotates nor forms an osazone, it is apparent that there is no free aldehyde or ketone group in the molecule.
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