Abstract
For over a hundred years, it was believed that profound understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying behavior required monitoring the activity of the brain's basic computational unit, the neuron. Since the late 1950s, techniques for intra- and extracellular recording of single-unit activity have dominated the analysis of brain function because of perfection in isolating and characterizing individual neurons' physiological and anatomical characteristics. Monitoring the activity of a single unit while subjects perform certain tasks, however, hardly permits gaining insights into the dynamics of the underlying neural system. It is widely accepted that such an insight is contingent upon the scrutiny of the collective and coordinated activity of many neural elements, ranging from single units to small voxels of neural tissue, many of which may not be locally observed. There has been a persistent need to simultaneously monitor the coordinated activity of these elements—within and across multiple areas—to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying complex functions such as perception, learning, and motor processing.
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