Abstract
Innovations in renewable energy sources, varying energy demand patterns, and energy-saving policies have rendered obsolete the concept of the conventional power grid. A new concept of an intelligent power grid consisting of flexible functionality and reliable information and communication technologies (ICT) has replaced the conventional power grid and is termed a smart grid. Conventional power grids contain all the components at the power generation station to ensure power transmission, power distribution, and power consumption. Power-generating units are the bulk ones like coal, oil, and gas-based steam power plants, gas power plants, hydropower plants, nuclear power plants, and combined heat and power plants. Bulk power stations may also include wind power plants and solar photovoltaic systems. The smart grid infrastructure consists of thousands of smart sensors, smart meters, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), distributed generation sources, communication technologies, demand-side management, energy management systems, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles. All these technologies and instruments communicate with each other intelligently to make the grid smart.
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