Abstract
The ability to communicate secure information is of utmost importance. Hitherto, this has been achieved within the domain of classical communication by capitalizing on mathematical complexity. However, classical communication has limitations of both speed and security. As a result, the focus has shifted towards quantum physics for the implementation of secure communication. Harnessing the laws of quantum physics, namely its basic principles such as the no-cloning theorem, uncertainty, superpositions, and entanglement, quantum communication has grown into a novel platform for exchanging information securely. The aim of this chapter is to introduce the basics and main concepts behind quantum communication, aiming to describe in broad terms a subset of key topics. The coverage is not meant to be comprehensive but as an introduction to the subject. Throughout, the focus is on the qubit as the basic unit of quantum information, namely quantum states in two dimensions; higher-dimensional quantum states are addressed in many of the chapters which follow. A qubit can be represented by using diverse physical systems; here we focus on photon polarization as the prototype physical realization of a qubit.
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