Chapter 1 - An Overview of PEEK Biomaterials

Abstract

This chapter reviews basic information about polymers in general and describes the structure and composition of polyaryletheretherketone (PEEK). It is a member of the polyaryletherketone (PAEK) polymer family that has been used for orthopedic and spinal implants. Historically, the availability of PEEK arrived at a time when there was a growing interest in the development of “isoelastic” hip stems and fracture fixation plates, with stiffnesses comparable with the bone. Much of the research on PEEK implants has been fragmented in the materials science, composites, biomaterials, and application-specific literature. The PEEK had emerged as the leading high-performance thermoplastic candidate for replacing metal implant components, especially in orthopedics and trauma. Numerous studies have documented the successful clinical performance of PAEKs in orthopedic and spine patients. Recent research has also investigated the biotribology of PEEK composites as bearing materials and flexible implants used for joint arthroplasty. Because of the interest in further improving implant fixation, PEEK biomaterials research has also focused on compatibility of the polymer with bioactive materials, including hydroxyapatite, either as a composite filler or as a surface coating. As a result of ongoing biomaterials research, PEEK and related composites can be engineered today with a wide range of physical, mechanical, and surface properties, depending on their implant application.