CHANGING PATTERNS OF POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES IN THE METROPOLITAN AREAS OF JAPAN

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There have been almost no studies on the changes in population and industries or functional changes in economies within the metropolitan areas throughout Japan because of the absence of statistical data based on metropolitan areas. The purpose of this paper, reviewing the above point, is to find the changes in population and industries in the 1960s, and to try to clarify metropolitan dynamics, factors for the dynamics and its mechanism. Criteria for a central city in a metropolitan area and the integration of peripheral areas to a central city are as follows : Central city: a legal city (shi) having 300, 000 inhabitants or more; daytime popu-lation surpassing residential population (1965 census year). Inner zone: shi, town (machi) and village (mura) in which 10 percent or more of the workers living there work in the central city throughout the 1960, 1965 and 1970 census years. Outer zone: shi, machi and mura in which 10 percent or more of the workers living there work in the central city only in the 1970 census year, in other words, peripheral areas integrated recently to the central city. The term a metropolitan peripheral area or a metropolitan suburb mean a total area of both inner zone and outer zone. According to the above criteria, the author delimited 18 metropolitan areas. Among the 18 metropolitan areas, anazawa M. A. and Wakayama M. A. had no outer zone. Objects of analysis are residential population, total employed persons, agriculture, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, finance, insurance and real estate, and services. Methods of analysis are (1) location quotient and (2) chaning patterns based on propor-tional changes (chiefly 1960_??_1970) of central cities, inner zones and outer zones to the total population of metropolitan areas and the number of employed persons (at place of work) of each industry. As a preliminary step to the analysis, a hypothetical trend in spatial patterns of population change within a metropolitan area is summurized in Fig. 1. The formula of location quotient (L. Q.) is: _??_ Where Oi is the number of employed persons in industry i in a given area, Op is the number of inhabitants in a given area, Ni is the total number of employed persons in industry i in Japan, and Np is the number of population in Japan. The following general trends became clear after analyzing L. Q. of central cities, inner zones and outer zones for metropolitan areas. 1) Central cities have strengthened the character of place of work, whereas peripheral areas has the character of residence (Table 2) . 2) L. Q. of agriculture in central cities and peripheral areas shows a consistent decrease as the sizes of the central cities become larger (Table 3) . 3) L. Q, of manufacturing in metropolitan areas becomes lower in the order of central city, inner zone and outer zone; and the intrametropolitan equa-lization of manufacturing specialization proceeds with lowering L. Q. for central cities and increasing L. Q. for peripheral areas (Table 4) . 4) In the case of wholesale and retail trades, differences in L. Q. between central cities and peripheral areas are charac-terized by gain in the former's L. Q. and loss in the latter's L. Q. (Table 5). 5) Differ-ences in L. Q. of finance, insurance and real estate between central cities and peripheral areas show the maximum amount among all indices. Despite the fact that the central cities have generally decreased in L. Q. numerically, the substantial function of each central city seems to have declined if a rapid increase in the employed persons within the periph-eral areas of the three super metropolitan areas (Tokyo M. A., Osaka M. A, and Nagoya M. A.) is taken into account (Table 6). 6) Differences in L. Q. for services between central cities and peripheral areas are generally of minimum among all indices (Table 7).