Abstract
A B S T R A C TWet precipitation composition could be an indicator of air quality since it carries components such as strong and weak inorganic and organic acids. These originate from oxidation of compounds containing sulphur, nitrogen, and hydrocarbons, coming from biomass burning, fuel combustion and industrial processes, as well as agricultural and biogenic activities. Wet precipitation samples were obtained from May 2014 to May 2015 in the city of Londrina-Paraná, Brazil, with an automatic rain collector. Volume, pH, conductivity, acetate, format, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, and ammonium concentrations were determined. The pH results revealed slightly acidic rainfall in 41% of the samples. The Volume Weighted Mean (VWM) showed an average annual concentration of inorganic ions of 0.71, 0.55, 0.24 and 0.20 mg L-1 for nitrate, sulphate, chloride, and ammonium, respectively and for organic ions of 1.00 and 0.29 mg L-1 for acetate and format, respectively. In the spring, the highest concentrations of nitrate and chloride were observed, which were possibly influenced by long-distance transport from fires in the north and west regions. The VWM of inorganic ions decreased compared with previous work (1998-2002) carried out for the same place, with reductions of approximately 35% for nitrate and sulphate. Finally, the extensive use of fuel ethanol in Brazil contributes to the higher concentrations of acetate and format compared to other places in the world.Keywords: rainfall, air pollution, majority ions, the trajectories of air masses Mudanças na deposição úmida em relação aos principais íons orgânicos e inorgânicos em região subtropical do BrasilR E S U M OA composição da precipitação úmida pode ser um indicador da qualidade do ar, uma vez que transporta componentes como ácidos inorgânicos e orgânicos fortes e fracos. Estes se originam da oxidação de compostos contendo enxofre, nitrogênio e hidrocarbonetos, provenientes da queima de biomassa, combustão de combustível e processos industriais, assim como atividades agrícolas e biogênicas. As amostras de precipitação úmida foram obtidas no período de maio de 2014 a maio de 2015 na cidade de Londrina-Paraná, Brasil, com um coletor de chuva automático. Foram determinados volume, pH, condutividade e as concentrações dos íons acetato, formato, cloreto, nitrato, sulfato e amônio. Os resultados de pH revelaram chuvas ligeiramente ácidas em 41% das amostras. A média ponderada pelo volume (MPV) mostrou a concentração média anual de íons inorgânicos de 0,71, 0,55, 0,24 e 0,20 mg L-1 para nitrato,sulfato, cloreto e amônio, respectivamente e para os íons orgânicos de 1,00 e 0,29 mg L-1 para acetato e fomato, respectivamente. Na primavera, foram observadas as maiores concentrações de nitrato e cloreto, que foram possivelmente influenciadas pelo transporte de longa distância dos incêndios nas regiões norte e oeste do país. O MPV de íons inorgânicos diminuiu em comparação com trabalhos anteriores (1998-2002) realizados no mesmo local, com reduções de aproximadamente 35% para nitrato e sulfato. O uso extensivo do etanol combustível no Brasil contribui para as maiores concentrações de acetato e formato em comparação com outros lugares do mundo.Palavras-chave: precipitação, poluição do ar, íons majoritários, trajetórias de massas de ar
Highlights
Wet precipitation chemistry has been the target of several studies that have determined their soluble and insoluble components because they affect buildings, soil, water, and vegetation, when deposited
Wet precipitation composition could be an indicator of air quality since it carries components such as strong and weak inorganic and organic acids
The Volume Weighted Mean (VWM) of inorganic ions decreased compared with previous work (1998-2002) carried out for the same place, with reductions of approximately 35% for nitrate and sulphate
Summary
Wet precipitation chemistry has been the target of several studies that have determined their soluble and insoluble components because they affect buildings, soil, water, and vegetation, when deposited. The fossil fuels burning have generated an increase in the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere that have changed the natural chemical characteristics of precipitation (Pelicho et al, 2006; Migliavacca, Teixeira and Rodriguez, 2012; than in other areas of the world (Brito et al, 2015; Nogueira et al, 2015). The chemical species found in the atmosphere are present in particulate form and as trace gases, whose main pollutants involve processes, so the use of ethanol as fuel or mixed with gasoline increases NOx concentrations in the atmosphere (Anderson, 2009; Andrade et al, compounds originating from sulphur, nitrogen, 2017). Because of the intensive use of heavy metals, metal oxides, volatile organic compounds, and organic acids (Chebbi and Carlier, 1996; Wang et al, 2007; Domingos et al, 2012) It was noticed, for example, that carboxylic ethanol/gasoline fuel in Brazil, rainwater composition shows different constitution in comparison with other countries. Wet deposition fluxes of nitrogen, sulphur and carboxylates were calculated and compared with data obtained in the same place (1998 to 2002) in Londrina, Brazil
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