Abstract
SummaryHerbicide resistance in grass weeds is now one of the greatest threats to sustainable cereal production in Northern Europe. Multiple‐herbicide resistance (MHR), a poorly understood multigenic and quantitative trait, is particularly problematic as it provides tolerance to most classes of chemistries currently used for post‐emergence weed control. Using a combination of transcriptomics and proteomics, the evolution of MHR in populations of the weed blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) has been investigated. While over 4500 genes showed perturbation in their expression in MHR versus herbicide sensitive (HS) plants, only a small group of proteins showed >2‐fold changes in abundance, with a mere eight proteins consistently associated with this class of resistance. Of the eight, orthologues of three of these proteins are also known to be associated with multiple drug resistance (MDR) in humans, suggesting a cross‐phyla conservation in evolved tolerance to chemical agents. Proteomics revealed that MHR could be classified into three sub‐types based on the association with resistance to herbicides with differing modes of action (MoA), being either global, specific to diverse chemistries acting on one MoA, or herbicide specific. Furthermore, the proteome of MHR plants were distinct from that of HS plants exposed to a range of biotic (insect feeding, plant–microbe interaction) and abiotic (N‐limitation, osmotic, heat, herbicide safening) challenges commonly encountered in the field. It was concluded that MHR in blackgrass is a uniquely evolving trait(s), associated with changes in the proteome that are distinct from responses to conventional plant stresses, but sharing common features with MDR in humans.
Highlights
Herbicide resistance in weeds is a global problem threatening the sustainable intensification of agriculture, notably in arable crops (Gressel, 2009; Busi et al, 2013; Delye et al, 2015)
Proteomics revealed that Multiple-herbicide resistance (MHR) could be classified into three sub-types based on the association with resistance to herbicides with differing modes of action (MoA), being either global, specific to diverse chemistries acting on one MoA, or herbicide specific
The proteome of MHR plants were distinct from that of herbicide sensitive (HS) plants exposed to a range of biotic and abiotic (N-limitation, osmotic, heat, herbicide safening) challenges commonly encountered in the field
Summary
Herbicide resistance in weeds is a global problem threatening the sustainable intensification of agriculture, notably in arable crops (Gressel, 2009; Busi et al, 2013; Delye et al, 2015). In the UK, herbicide resistance in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) affects 20 000 farms and costs the country £0.5 billion in lost winter wheat production (Hull et al, 2014). Two types of herbicide resistance are recognized. Target-site resistance (TSR) is conferred by mutations in genes encoding enzymes targeted by herbicides, such as acetyl CoA carboxylases (ACCase) and acetolactate synthase (ALS). Such mutations give rise to enzymes that, while still functional, show a reduced binding affinity for herbicides. TSR is a well characterized resistance mechanism, classically selected through the repeated use of herbicides sharing a mode of action (Neve et al, 2014). Herbicide resistance can arise through a more complex and less well understood group of mechanisms collectively termed non-target-site resistance (NTSR)
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