Abstract
The objective of our studies were seeds of two lupin species <em>Lupinus luteus</em> L. and <em>Lupinus angustifolius</em> L. cvs. Lord and Graf respectively. Lupin seeds were germinated at 15 and 24<sup>o</sup>C and during two, three and four days. In the lupin sprouts antinutritional factors: alkaloids and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and five nitrogen fractions: non protein (Nnp), albumin (A), globulin (G), glutelin and prolamin (Gt+P) and nitrogen residue fraction (Nr) were determined. The level of these compounds was compared with the proper ones of initial material (not germinated seeds). These studies showed that the germination process clearly affects the decrease of antinutritional factors: RFOs and alkaloids. The decrease level of these compounds depended on such factors like, lupin species and used germination conditions. It was found on the base of nitrogen analysis of particular protein fractions that the germination process of lupin seeds causes deep quantitative and qualitative changes in fractional composition of lupin proteins. It especially concerns the decrease of globulin and residual fraction content and distinct increase of Nnp fraction. The changes in other fractions were not so unequivocal in comparison with the mentioned above and depended on lupin species, temperature and time of germination. Qualitative changes of A, G and Gt+P fractions caused by germination were confirmed by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The amino acid analysis of seeds and sprouts of Nnp fractions showed an increased content of Asp, Ser, Ala, Pro - non essential amino acids (NEAA), and Val, Met, iLeu, Leu, Thr - essential amino acids (EAA). Simultaneously a decrease of Glu, Arg (NEAA), Phe, Lis, Cys (EAA) contents was observed. Generally the germination process causes the decrease of total NEAA and an increase of total EAA in Nnp fractions of both lupin species.
Highlights
The features which distinguish lupin from among other plants may be determined as follows: i belongs to the highest protein plants; ii is characterised by modest soil and climatic demands; iii leaves big organic mass in soil; iv improves air-water conditions of soil; v makes accessible macro- and microelements eluted to sublayer of soil (Gulewicz et al 1994)
The limiting role in the utilization of lupin seeds as protein source for purposes of human and animals nutrition is played by antinutritive factors: alkaloids and =-galactosides
Lupin seed protein is composed dominantly by globular proteins, and their quality depends on lupin species and biotype (Peretiatkowicz et al 1988a, b)
Summary
The features which distinguish lupin from among other plants may be determined as follows: i belongs to the highest protein plants; ii is characterised by modest soil and climatic demands; iii leaves big organic mass in soil; iv improves air-water conditions of soil; v makes accessible macro- and microelements eluted to sublayer of soil (Gulewicz et al 1994). In spite of such great significance the utilization of lupin in human and animals nutrition has been up to now on unsatisfactory level. The main components of lupin storage proteins are globulins and sometimes albumins, while the prolamins and glutelins are detected in small amounts and sometimes they are neglected (Blagrove and Gillespie 1975; Peretiatkowicz et al 1988a, b; Duranti et al 1990)
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