Changes in redox plasma proteome of Pon1−/− mice are exacerbated by a hyperhomocysteinemic diet

Abstract

High-density lipoprotein (HDL), in addition to promoting reverse cholesterol transport, possesses anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic activities, which are thought to be promoted by paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an HDL-associated enzyme. Reduced levels of PON1 are associated with increased oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease both in humans and Pon1−/− mice. However, molecular basis of these associations are not fully understood. We used label-free mass spectrometry and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis bioinformatics resources to examine plasma proteomes in four-month-old Pon1−/− mice (n = 32) and their Pon1+/+ siblings (n = 15) fed with a hyper-homocysteinemic (HHcy) diet. We found that inactivation of the Pon1 gene resulted in dysregulation of proteins involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis in mice. Redox-responsive proteins affected by Pon1−/− genotype were more numerous in mice fed with HHcy diet (18 out of 89, 20%) than in mice fed with a control diet (4 out of 50, 8%). Most of the redox-related proteins affected by Pon1−/− genotype in mice fed with a control diet (3 out of 4, 75%) were also affected in HHcy mice, while the majority of Pon1−/− genotype-dependent redox proteins in HHcy mice (15 out of 18, 83%) were not affected by Pon1−/− genotype in control diet animals. In addition to redox-related proteins, we identified proteins involved in acute phase response, complement/blood coagulation, lipoprotein/lipid metabolism, immune response, purine metabolism, glucose metabolism, and other proteins that were dysregulated by Pon1−/− genotype in HHcy mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that Pon1 interacts with proteins involved in antioxidant defenses and other processes linked to cardiovascular disease. Dysregulation of these processes provides an explanation for the pro-oxidant and pro-atherogenic phenotypes observed in Pon1−/− mice and humans with attenuated PON1 levels.