Abstract
The acquisition of Antibiotic-Resistance Genes (ARGs) by natural bacteria caused by antibiotic abuse is causing serious problems for human and animal welfare. Here, we evaluated the influence of three cladoceran species on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and tetracycline-resistance gene (tet(A)) copies, and discussed the effect of these biological interactions on the distribution and diffusion of ARGs in freshwater ecosystems. Bacterial community and tet(A) abundances in water samples collected from wetlands were strongly influenced by cladoceran presence. The presence of Daphnia obtusa dramatically decreased ARB and tet(A) abundance compared to that with other cladoceran species (Chydorus sphaericus and Simocephalus vetulus). Interestingly, we found a high abundance of Flavobacteriales in the microbiomes of cladoceran species. Considering that Flavobacteriales species are potential carriers of the tet(A) gene, their adsorption and assimilation with cladocerans could significantly impact the reduction of tet(A) in water. Field surveys also showed that tet(A) abundance could be low if the dominance of D. obtusa in each wetland was high. This study highlighted the need for ecological interactions and a broad range of niches in the food web when discussing the fate of ARGs in freshwater ecosystems.
Highlights
The emergence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) is a major threat to human health and welfare at a time when antibiotic use continues to increase globally [1]
Continued antibiotic use over the past 70 years has facilitated the acquisition of Antibiotic-Resistance Genes (ARGs) by natural bacteria distributed in various environments [3]
We evaluated gradual changes in bacteria and tet(A) 3 days later by providing field water rich in ARB and ARGs to three species of cladocerans (Chydorus sphaericus, Simocephalus vetulus, and Daphnia obtusa), which are frequently observed in freshwater ecosystems in
Summary
The emergence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) is a major threat to human health and welfare at a time when antibiotic use continues to increase globally [1]. The abundance and spread of ARGs in various environments can be interpreted for a variety of reasons, but it can be mainly attributed to factors such as: (1) the horizontal gene transfer of ARGs between bacterial species or communities; (2) mutation and gene recombination; and (3) diffusion by selective pressure [4]. It is difficult to clearly understand the evolution and function of ARGs in the bacterial community because they are influenced by the complex effects of various environmental factors [4], efforts are needed to accurately identify and ease the spread of ARGs
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