Changes in Acute Care Pharmacist Prescribing and Laboratory Ordering over Time: CAPLET Study.

Abstract

In Alberta, pharmacists may obtain additional prescribing authorization (APA) and a practice identification number (PRAC-ID) for ordering laboratory tests. Pharmacists working within Alberta Health Services were mandated by the employer to attain APA by 2018, whereas laboratory ordering has been in place since 2009. Five acute care sites within the Calgary Zone had a computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system that allowed tracking of these activities. To describe changes in prescribing and laboratory ordering by acute care pharmacists over time and to compare these activities across hospitals, sites, and specialty teams. A retrospective, descriptive review of acute care pharmacist orders for medications and laboratory tests was completed using data from the CPOE system for the period 2018 to 2021. Over the study period, the rates of prescribing and laboratory ordering by pharmacists increased by 67.5% (from 1423 to 2383 per full-time equivalent [FTE]) and by 5.5% (from 235 to 248 per FTE), respectively. Pharmacists at the 5 hospitals increased their prescribing rates during that time (by proportions ranging from 7% to 176%). Cardiology, intensive care, and mental health teams had the largest increases in prescribing rates, whereas mental health, hospitalist, and intensive care teams had the greatest increases in rates of laboratory ordering. In each year of the study, the most frequently ordered medication for adult patients was vancomycin, and the most frequently ordered laboratory test was measurement of vancomycin before dose administration. The proportion of medication orders conveyed verbally decreased from 60.0% to 47.4% over the study period. The application of expanded scope of practice increased among acute care pharmacists, to a greater extent for prescribing than for laboratory ordering; however, the proportion of verbal medication orders remains high, a situation that should be addressed to improve patient safety. This study showed that prescribing and laboratory ordering are complementary, given that the top medications and laboratory tests were frequently related. The results of this study can be used for practice development and as the basis for further research within an expanded CPOE system.