Abstract
Direct Current (DC) power systems have been in use since the early 1880s. However, for more than 100 years the 3 phase AC transmission system has been the dominant transmission system for electric power. The main reason for this is the ease of changing voltage levels and grid connection using reliable AC transformers and breakers. During the last 60 years new converter technology has made HVDC the most efficient and economical long distance point to pointpower transmission transportation. 
 In order to satisfy the growing demand of electric energy consumption, new high capacity multi-terminal HVDC systems need to be developed. This is considered an enabling technology for access to remote renewable energy sources such as off-shore wind farms, hydroelectric power and desert solar plants.This review shows that acceptable solutions have to be found to interrupt HVDC short circuit currents. Higher voltage means that new types of reliable HVDC insulation systems have to be developed, including test procedures and designcriteria for insulation systems based upon combinations of gas, liquid and solids.
Highlights
HISTORY AND DRIVING TRENDSIn 1887, there were 121 Edison power stations in the United States delivering Direct Current (DC) electricity to customers located within about 2 to 3 km from the power station
This review shows that acceptable solutions have to be found to interrupt HVDC short circuit currents
Higher voltage means that new types of reliable HVDC insulation systems have to be developed, including test procedures and design criteria for insulation systems based upon combinations of gas, liquid and solids
Summary
In 1887, there were 121 Edison power stations in the United States delivering DC electricity to customers located within about 2 to 3 km from the power station. For almost a century the disadvantages of HVDC related to voltage variation, and switching, control, availability and maintenance, made HVDCtransmission feasible only at special point to point grid connections Such DC links are typically used to improve stability or to effectively transport large amounts of power over long distances. In order to satisfy the increasing demand of electric energy consumption, new high capacity transmission systems based upon HVDC have to be developed. In the early 1950-1960s HVDC point-to-point transmission systems were developed using converter stations based upon mercury and later thyristor valve technology. These are called current source converters (CSC), as they operate with a stiff DC current. There are good opportunities to use such grids in new buildings to integrate photovoltaic (PV) energy systems, LED lighting systems and electric vehicles charging systems
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