Abstract
Various carbon allotropes are fundamental components in electrochemical energy-conversion and energy-storage devices, e.g., biofuel cells (BFCs) and supercapacitors. Recently, biodevices, particularly wearable and implantable devices, are of distinct interest in biomedical, fitness, academic, and industrial fields due to their new fascinating capabilities for personalized applications. However, all biodevices require a sustainable source of energy, bringing widespread attention to energy research. In this review, we detail the progress in BFCs and supercapacitors attributed to carbon materials. Self-powered biosensors for futuristic biomedical applications are also featured. To develop these energy devices, many challenges needed to be addressed. For this reason, there is a need to: optimize the electron transfer between the enzymatic site and electrode; enhance the power efficiency of the device in fluctuating oxygen conditions; strengthen the efficacy of enzymatic reactions at the carbon-based electrodes; increase the electrochemically accessible surface area of the porous electrode materials; and refine the flexibility of traditional devices by introducing a mechanical resiliency of electrochemical devices to withstand daily multiplexed movements. This article will also feature carbon nanomaterial research alongside opportunities to enhance energy technology and address the challenges facing the field of personalized applications. Carbon-based energy devices have proved to be sustainable and compatible energy alternatives for biodevices within the human body, serving as attractive options for further developing diverse domains, including individual biomedical applications.
Highlights
With the increasing development of electronic and bioelectronic technologies, electrical energy conversion and storage are recognized as crucial divisions
Carbon materials have opened up new opportunities for efficient energy conversion and storage, biofuel cells (BFCs) and supercapacitors
From their use as a benign high-surface area and electronically conductive support for electrochemical energy devices to their role in revolutionizing BFC and supercapacitor technologies, special attention must be given to certain carbon developments
Summary
With the increasing development of electronic and bioelectronic technologies, electrical energy conversion and storage are recognized as crucial divisions. We discuss the future perspectives and remaining challenges toward the practical application of personalized, miniaturized, and/or conformal supercapacitors, BFCs, and self-powered biosensing devices with reliable mechanical functionality and stable electrochemical presenting examples of carbon-based energy systems to address key challenges in the field. Reaction involved such as in conventional batteries This yields a superior charge-discharge including an overview of electrochemical performances in energy-related applications of carbon- life cycle. This carbon-based composite possessed capacitance retentions of 98% and 95% throughout 10 and 1000 breaking and self-healing cycles under different twisting, bending, and folding deformations, respectively Based on these results, these materials have great promise for future applications in tailorable supercapacitors used in personalized electronics. The supercapacitor exhibited biocompatibility and successful operation; seeing as how the capacitance maintained above 90% after eight days in-vivo
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