Certifying green buildings in China: LEED vs. 3-star

Abstract

Over the past two decades, China has been devoted to promoting the construction of more green buildings, which are usually certified via specific rating systems, including LEED and 3-Star. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), an international certification originating from the United States, and 3-Star, a domestic certification created by China itself, are the two most common rating systems used in China. This research provides a comprehensive comparison of LEED and 3-Star in terms of their targets, certification criteria, and standards. In addition, by employing logistic models, this research provides the first empirical evidence regarding what factors might affect the green building certification options in the Chinese context. The empirical study reveals: (1) LEED is more likely to be chosen for business and industrial buildings, whereas 3-Star is more likely to be chosen for residential buildings; (2) buildings in China's eastern region are more likely be certified via 3-Star than those in the country's central and western regions; (3) buildings in cities with higher GDP per capita, more FDI, and more real estate investment are more likely to be certified via LEED; and (4) investors and architectural firms with international backgrounds tend to prefer LEED. Explanations behind the results and related theoretical and policy implications are also provided. This research aims to assistant policymakers in better understanding developers' and owners' motivations in choosing specific certifications, and in designing or improving rating systems to promote more green buildings.