Abstract
Centrifuging softwood extracts separated the hemicellulose-rich fraction and lignin-rich micro- and nanoparticles. The hemicellulose-rich fraction and lignin-rich nanoparticles formed stable emulsions.
Highlights
IntroductionBiorefineries are facilities in which renewable biomass is transformed into value-added components for material, chemical, and energy production.[9,11,12,13] The workflow of biorefineries is based on a primary refining where biomass is converted into intermediary products and a secondary refining where intermediary products are upgraded into final profitable products.[13]
Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin constitute the most abundant biomass source on Earth.[1]
To improve the cascading biorefinery workflow of GGM to enable hemicelluloses to be used as an emulsifier, further fractionation can be applied after pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE)
Summary
Biorefineries are facilities in which renewable biomass is transformed into value-added components for material, chemical, and energy production.[9,11,12,13] The workflow of biorefineries is based on a primary refining where biomass is converted into intermediary products and a secondary refining where intermediary products are upgraded into final profitable products.[13]. The phenolic residues are responsible for hemicelluloses’ amphiphilic characteristics and superior stabilizing capacity against emulsion droplet breakdown and creaming compared to other commonly used biopolymers such as gum Arabic or synthetic small-molecular surfactants such as Tween[20,25,26] as well as for the enhanced protection of oil against oxidation in emulsified systems compared to gum Arabic.[24,30] Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by hemicelluloses have been suggested for different potential applications such as environmentally compatible paints,[23] delivery systems for essential fatty acids in food products,[28] and essential oil carriers in beverages.[31] Lignin particles have been proposed as emulsion stabilizers In this case, oil-in-water or water-in-oil Pickering emulsions are formed.[32,33] Besides the extraction and purification methods, the particle preparation method greatly affects the emulsifying performance of lignin particles.[32] stable oil-in-water emulsions can be obtained using lignincontaining food grade materials such as cocoa particles[34] and spent coffee grounds.[35] It is evident that hemicelluloses and lignin, extracted using, for example, the PHWE method, can be used to increase the sustainability of the food chain because woods can be grown on, for example, non-arable land, introducing a wood-to-food approach. Centrifugation is an industrially scalable concept that can be introduced into the cascading biorefinery workflow without disrupting/subverting the whole chain
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