Abstract
Central neural circuits orchestrate the behavioral and autonomic repertoire that maintains body temperature during environmental temperature challenges and alters body temperature during the inflammatory response and behavioral states and in response to declining energy homeostasis. This review summarizes the central nervous system circuit mechanisms controlling the principal thermoeffectors for body temperature regulation: cutaneous vasoconstriction regulating heat loss and shivering and brown adipose tissue for thermogenesis. The activation of these thermoeffectors is regulated by parallel but distinct efferent pathways within the central nervous system that share a common peripheral thermal sensory input. The model for the neural circuit mechanism underlying central thermoregulatory control provides a useful platform for further understanding of the functional organization of central thermoregulation, for elucidating the hypothalamic circuitry and neurotransmitters involved in body temperature regulation, and for the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches to modulating body temperature and energy homeostasis.
Highlights
Central neural circuits orchestrate the behavioral and autonomic repertoire that maintains body temperature during environmental temperature challenges and alters body temperature during the inflammatory response and behavioral states and in response to declining energy homeostasis
A variety of other neural circuits and neurochemical modulators impinge on the fundamental thermoregulatory pathways to produce the alterations in Tcore that occur with circadian and ultradian periodicities[1,2] and those that accompany many behavioral states, such as fever during sickness, increased T during psychological stress and at ovulation, core and reductions in T during sleep, sepsis, or exposure to metacore bolic distress
Recent research in the central nervous system (CNS) control of Tcore focuses principally on: (a) elaborating the CNS pathways and neurotransmitter systems involved in the fundamental central thermoregulatory network; (b) the modulation of activity within the fundamental central thermoregulatory network by non-thermal factors and behavioral states; and (c) pharmacological manipulation of the CNS thermoregulatory network for a variety of therapeutic goals
Summary
Feedback control and effector coordination of human temperature regulation. 5. Wallin BG, Charkoudian N: Sympathetic neural control of integrated cardiovascular function: insights from measurement of human sympathetic nerve activity. 6. Smith CJ, Johnson JM: Responses to hyperthermia. Optimizing heat dissipation by convection and evaporation: Neural control of skin blood flow and sweating in humans.
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