Cellulose nanocrystal dispersions conjugated with symmetric and asymmetric dialkylamine groups

Abstract

The present study discusses the effect of symmetric and asymmetric grafting on the surface of CNCs (cellulose nanocrystals) on their dispersion properties using dialkyl azetidinium salts. Three dialkylamine of different size and chain length were successfully grafted to the sulfate groups on the surface of CNCs by conjugation of azetidinium salts. The coupling process resulted in the formation of 2-hydroxypropyl-N-dialkylamine conjugated to the CNC sulfate groups abbreviated as Cn\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_n$$\\end{document}-N-Cm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_m$$\\end{document}-Prop-2-OH-CNC, where m, n are the number of carbons in the alkyl groups, each with a total of m+n=12\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$m+n=12$$\\end{document}, with (m,n)=(11,1);(9,3);(6,6)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(m,n) = (11,1); (9,3); (6,6)$$\\end{document}. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to assess the probable morphology of the grafted chains and the interaction potential between CNCs. Steady shear simultaneously combined with polarized light imaging and oscillatory shear rheological measurements were used to evaluate for the first time the impact of the CNC surface modifications on their dispersion flow and optical properties. Overall, the results show that the different linker topologies could effectively promote different types of aggregation morphologies based on the size of the linker, their flexibility and their most probable conformation.