Cellular desiccation and hydration: developmentally regulated proteins, and the maturation and germination of seed embryos

Abstract

Little more than a decade ago, 2-dimensional mapping of proteins and biochemical study of their allied coding elements (mRNA and DNA) were first used to probe possible changes in the embryo during seed germination. Because specification was of primary importance, our attention was initially directed toward the characterization of individual proteins and coding elements which, in preliminary surveys of the germinating wheat embryo, were found to be conspicuously subject to developmental regulation. Three of the proteins have become subjects of comprehensive investigations in this and other laboratories: the Em protein, the Ec protein, and germin. The Em and Ec proteins are encoded by the conserved mRNA 'stored' in the mature embryos of dry, field-ripened seeds but germin is encoded by the nascent mRNA formed after mature embryos are germinated in water. The Ec protein is the only bona fide Zn metallothionein yet found in higher plants. Studies of their biology and molecular biology suggest that the Em protein has a role in hormone-mediated (abscisic acid) cellular desiccation and that germin has a role in hormone-mediated (auxin) cellular hydration. It is projected that further studies of the Em protein may help elucidate the molecular basis for a loss of dessication tolerance during germination, and that further studies of germin may help elucidate the molecular basis of plant cell enlargement.