Cellular and humoral factors of innate antiviral immunity

Abstract

The study presents new data on the biological effects of well-known cellular and humoral factors that ensure the functioning of innate immunity. Four mechanisms induced by viruses, which lead to the destruction of inhibitory proteins and trigger the transcription of interferon genes, are described. The paper also presented the order of synthesis of species of interferons and other pro-inflammatory cytokines in the development of an antiviral immune response. This is of great importance because viruses have significantly different resistance to the biological effects of interferons. Interferon lambda played a role in the development of innate immune reactions against many viruses, and the effectiveness of the functioning of the mechanisms of the innate and adaptive immunity in viral infections was evaluated, depending on the state of the stat l, 4, 6 genes and genes of interferon regulators. An interferon-independent variant of the innate immune response in viral infections that occurs a few hours after infection and is associated with chemokine CXCL10 has been described. Data on the most important role of the ubiquitin-proteasome cleavage pathway of proteins and the complement system in the implementation of antiviral effects of innate immunity are also presented. The uniqueness of the microbicidal effects of natural killers, which are realized only in cells that reduced the expression of major histocompatibility complex I molecules, has been established. In addition, natural killers can recognize and do not attack target cells carrying antigens of HLA-E, the sublocus of the major histocompatibility complex I molecules. The natural killers were found to acquire the properties of memory cells. This is facilitated by interleukins 12 and 18. The extracellular neutrophil traps of neutrophils showed microbicidal effects against many viruses. The congenital lymphoid cells have multifaceted effects on the development of an antiviral immune response.